This report has several important implications. First, food insecurity increases the odds that children will develop difficulties in important functional areas, such as cognition, language, motor skills, behavior, learning, and socioemotional development. These difficulties may, in turn, jeopardize the ability of young children of color to later succeed in school—a finding that has great significance given the achievement gap that exists between black and white students and between Latino and white students. Second, the developmental effects of food insecurity during the first few years of life may persist well into adulthood. As a result, such effects may significantly decrease the future economic opportunities of low-income black and Latino individuals who experience food insecurity during early childhood, thereby perpetuating the cycle of poverty. Lastly, this report has implications for policymaking. Federal anti-poverty programs that mitigate the impact of food insecurity could play an important role in decreasing the achievement gap, as well as ensuring the future economic well-being and productivity of low-income black and Latino children in the United States.